Written by

Tara Farmer

March 13, 2025

Edited by

Kristen Cramer

Fact-checked by

Jennifer Carlson

Foods toxic to dogs

As loving dog owners, we always want to ensure our furry friends are healthy and happy. While many human foods are safe and even beneficial for dogs, some can be harmful or even fatal. Knowing which foods to avoid is crucial for protecting your beloved companion.

In this guide, we'll provide a detailed overview of what foods are toxic to dogs, why they are dangerous, what to do if your dog ingests them, and potential signs and symptoms to watch out for.

Chocolate

Dogs can't eat chocolate, which is one of the most well-known dangers for dogs. It contains theobromine and caffeine, both stimulants that dogs cannot metabolize as efficiently as humans. The darker the chocolate, the higher the concentration of these toxic substances. However, even white chocolate can be harmful.

Contact your vet immediately if your dog ingests chocolate. Symptoms of chocolate poisoning can range from mild to severe and may include vomiting, diarrhea, increased thirst, excessive urination, restlessness, hyperactivity, tremors, seizures, and potentially death.

Dairy

Many dogs are lactose intolerant and cannot properly digest dairy products. Ingesting milk or other dairy products can lead to gastrointestinal upset and can also lead to food allergies and other long-term health issues like obesity and pancreatitis.

Instead of ice cream on a hot day, offer your dog ice cubes or frozen pieces of dog-safe fruit, such as strawberries, blueberries, and apple slices (no seeds).

Dough / yeast

Raw dough containing yeast can be extremely dangerous for dogs for several reasons. When ingested, the yeast continues to ferment in the warm, moist environment of the stomach. This process produces alcohol, leading to alcohol poisoning. Additionally, the dough can expand in the stomach, causing swelling, severe pain, and potentially a rupture.

Fatty foods

While a small amount of fat is essential for a dog's diet, excessive amounts can lead to pancreatitis, a severe inflammation of the pancreas. Fatty foods like bacon, fried items, and greasy leftovers are common culprits.

Signs of pancreatitis in dogs may include vomiting, fever, lethargy, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and reduced appetite.

Garlic, onions, chives, & leeks

Dogs should not eat garlic or onions. Garlic, onions, chives, and leeks belong to the Allium family of vegetables and contain compounds that can damage a dog's red blood cells. The damage can lead to anemia, a condition characterized by a decreased number of red blood cells.

Symptoms of allium poisoning may include weakness, breathing problems, lethargy, pale gums, vomiting, diarrhea, and blood in the urine. The effects may not be immediately apparent and can develop over several days. In severe cases, treatment may involve blood transfusions.

Mushrooms

While not all mushrooms are toxic to dogs, it can be challenging to differentiate between safe and poisonous varieties. Certain mushrooms contain toxins that can cause liver damage, kidney failure, neurological problems, and even death. The safest option for your pup is to simply avoid mushrooms altogether.

Symptoms of mushroom poisoning can vary widely depending on the type of mushroom ingested, but may include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weakness, incoordination, seizures, or jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).

Nuts

Certain nuts, such as macadamia nuts, are particularly toxic to dogs. The exact mechanism of toxicity is unknown, but they can cause a range of severe symptoms. Other nuts, like walnuts and pecans, can be contaminated with molds that produce toxins.

Contact your vet immediately if your dog has eaten a large quantity of nuts, especially macadamia nuts, black walnuts, or pecans.

For safe nut options, check out our in-depth guide on what nuts dogs can eat.

Raw meat, fish, & eggs

Raw meat, fish, and eggs can contain bacteria like Salmonella and E. coli, which can cause food poisoning in dogs. Raw or cold smoked fish, such as salmon or trout, can carry a parasite that causes "fish disease", which can be fatal. Raw eggs also contain avidin, which interferes with biotin (B vitamin) absorption.

Rhubarb

Rhubarb leaves contain oxalic acid, which can be toxic to dogs. Oxalic acid can cause kidney damage and other health problems.

Spicy foods

Spicy foods can cause gastrointestinal upset in dogs. The capsaicin in chili peppers can irritate the digestive tract, leading to vomiting and diarrhea. Offer your dog plenty of water and monitor them for any severe symptoms. If symptoms persist, consult your veterinarian.

What fruits are toxic to dogs?

While many fruits are safe and healthy for dogs, some can be harmful:

Avocado

Dogs should not eat avocados, which contain persin, a fungicidal toxin that can be harmful to dogs, especially in large quantities. While not highly toxic, it can cause gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea. Additionally, the pit of an avocado is large and can get stuck, which can be fatal.

Citrus

Citrus fruits like lemons, limes, and grapefruits contain citric acid and essential oils that can irritate a dog's digestive system. While the fleshy parts of citrus fruits are edible for dogs and oranges are a good source of vitamin C, fiber, and potassium, most vets agree that sticking to small quantities only is best.

Coconut

Small amounts of coconut are generally safe for dogs. Coconuts contain magnesium for bone health and antioxidants to help a dog's immune system. However, large quantities of coconut can cause gastrointestinal upset due to its high oil content.

Grapes & raisins

Dogs should never eat grapes or raisins, which are highly toxic to dogs and can cause kidney failure. The exact toxic substance is unknown, but even small amounts can be dangerous.

Star fruit

Star fruit contains soluble oxalates, which can be harmful to dogs, especially those with pre-existing kidney conditions. These oxalates can bind with calcium in the body, forming crystals that can accumulate in the kidneys and cause damage.

Symptoms of star fruit poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, drooling, loss of appetite, and lethargy. In severe cases, it can lead to kidney failure and tremors. If your dog has ingested star fruit, don't wait for symptoms, contact your veterinarian right away.

Green tomatoes & raw potatoes

While ripe tomatoes are not poisonous for dogs and may be eaten in small amounts, green tomatoes, stems, and leaves of tomato plants contain solanine, which is toxic to dogs. Raw potatoes also contain solanine.

Seeds & pits

Seeds and pits from fruits like apples, cherries, peaches, plums, and persimmons contain cyanide, which is toxic to dogs. Larger pits can also cause a potentially fatal obstruction. While the flesh of these fruits is generally safe, the seeds and pits can be deadly if chewed.

Signs of cyanide toxicity can include rapid breathing, difficult breathing, seizures, drooling, watery eyes, vomiting, uncontrollable voiding, bright red or bluish mucous membranes, and loss of consciousness.

Other ingredients that are toxic to dogs

Beyond specific foods, several common ingredients can be harmful to dogs. Be sure to keep anything with these ingredients out of reach for your precious pup:

Alcohol

Alcohol can have a rapid and severe effect on dogs, depressing their central nervous system and causing a range of symptoms. This is especially true for smaller dogs. In severe cases, alcohol poisoning can lead to coma and death, so contact your vet immediately if your dog ingests it.

Bones

While giving your dog a bone sounds natural and healthy, some vets disagree for several reasons:

• Raw meat bones may have harmful bacteria.

• Some bones irritate dogs with sensitive stomachs.

• Many bones are too hard and can fracture or damage a dog's teeth.

• Bones may break or splinter, creating a choking hazard or causing blockages or cuts in your dog's digestive system.

Caffeine

Caffeine is a stimulant that can be toxic to dogs, causing hyperactivity, restlessness, and potentially more severe symptoms. It can be toxic in any form—liquid beverages like coffee, tea, energy drinks, and tea leaves, coffee beans, coffee grounds, chocolate, and more.

Carbonation

Carbonated drinks can cause gas and bloating in dogs, leading to discomfort and potentially more severe gastrointestinal issues. Symptoms may include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and visible bloating.

Cinnamon & nutmeg

Dogs can eat cinnamon in small quantities, such as a minor flavoring ingredient in a treat. However, in large quantities, cinnamon can irritate a dog's mouth and digestive system.

Nutmeg contains myristicin, which can cause neurological problems. Contact your vet if your dog ingests a large amount.

Salt

Salty foods can not only make your dog thirstier, but excessive salt intake can lead to sodium ion poisoning in dogs, causing dehydration and other health problems. Symptoms of salt poisoning include vomiting, diarrhea, excessive thirst, increased urination, tremors, seizures, and coma.

Sugar

Sugar has similar effects on dogs as it does on humans. Excessive sugar intake in dogs can lead to weight gain, dental issues, and diabetes.

Tobacco

Tobacco contains nicotine, which is highly toxic to dogs and can cause a range of severe symptoms, including diarrhea, increased heart rate, tremors, seizures, and collapse.

If your dog has ingested tobacco, contact your veterinarian immediately. Early treatment with induced vomiting may help avoid toxicity.

Xylitol

Xylitol is an artificial sweetener found in many sugar-free products. It is extremely toxic to dogs and can cause a rapid release of insulin, leading to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and liver failure.

Signs of Xylitol poisoning include weakness, incoordination, vomiting, and seizures.

Safe foods for dogs

Knowing what foods are safe for dogs is just as important as knowing what to avoid. Here are some safe options, but keep in mind moderation is the best approach for any human food considered safe for dogs:

• Apples (seeded), oranges (peeled), bananas (peeled)

• Blueberries and blackberries

• Carrots, cucumber, and celery

• Cheese (in small quantities)

• Cooked eggs

• Cooked grains, wheat, and quinoa

• Green beans

• Cooked pasta

• Cooked white rice

• Lean meats (with the skin, fat, and bones removed)

• Peanut butter (xylitol-free)

• Peanuts and cashews (in small amounts)

• Plain, air-popped popcorn

• Cooked fish

FAQs about food safety for dogs

Is cat food toxic to dogs?

Cat food is not toxic to dogs but is not ideal for them. It tends to be higher in protein and fat, which can cause digestive upset and weight gain in dogs if consumed regularly.

Is bird food toxic to dogs?

Bird food is generally not toxic to dogs but can cause digestive upset. Seeds and nuts in bird food are high in fat and can lead to pancreatitis.

Signs and symptoms of food poisoning in dogs

Protecting your dog from toxic foods requires vigilance and knowledge. While specific symptoms vary depending on the type of food ingested, there are common signs to look out for. If your dog exhibits any of these symptoms after consuming a potentially toxic food, contact your veterinarian immediately.

Most common symptoms:

• Vomiting

• Diarrhea

• Fever

• Increased thirst

• Increased urination

• Loss of appetite

• Lethargy or weakness

• Dehydration (from vomiting & diarrhea)

• Abdominal pain (indicated by whining, groaning, restlessness, or sensitivity to touch)

• Tremors or seizures

Less common symptoms:

• Bloating

• Bloody urine or stool

• Bright red gums

• Coma / loss of consciousness

• Discharge from eyes

• Dizziness or difficulty walking

• Enlarged lymph nodes

• Excessive salivation or foaming at the mouth

• Hind-limb paralysis

• Jaundice / yellowing of skin and eyes

• Pale gums

• Panting

• Rapid breathing

• Restlessness

• Severe neurological problems

• Slowed breathing

• Slowed heart rate

• Uncontrolled urination or defecation

• Weight loss

What to do

If you suspect your dog has ingested something toxic, contact your vet right away or take your dog to an after-hours emergency veterinary hospital if needed. You can also reach out to these 24-hour resources for help and advice:

• ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center hotline: 888-426-4435

• Pet Poison Helpline: 855-764-7661